Score Following Commented Bibliography

Diemo Schwarz
Ircam – Centre Pompidou
Applications Temps Réel
1, pl. Igor Stravinsky
75004 Paris, France
schwarz@ircam.fr

November 4, 2003

1   First Definition

The problematic of score following was first defined in [Dan84, Ver84, VP85]. Since then, several solutions have been proposed: [BBZ90, BBZ93, Bry95, DMR87, DM88, GD94, GD97, GD98, OD01, Puc90, Puc95, PL92, Rap99a, Rap01a, Rap01b]

2   Research at Ircam

At Ircam, the research on score following was initiated by Barry Vercoe and Lawrence Beauregard as soon as 1983. It was continued by Miller Puckette and Philippe Manoury [Puc90, Puc95, PL92]. Since 1999, the Real Time Systems Team, now Real Time Applications or Applications Temps-Réel (ATR)1, continues work on score following as their priority project. This team has just released a system based on a statistical model [OD01, OS01].

3   Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)

Introduction: [Row97, Rab89, RJ93]

A number of score followers have been developed using HMMs: [OD01, LCB99b, Rap99b].

4   Performance Error Modeling

[Dan84, OD01].

Classical error measures: [BBL99]

5   Existing Systems

Explode [Puc90], f9 [Puc95], Music Plus One2 [Rap01b], ComParser[SS01], and the systems described in [BBZ93, GD97].

6   Spoken Voice Following

[LCB99a, LCB+99c]

References

[BBL99]
Doug Beeferman, Adam Berger, and John D. Lafferty. Statistical models for text segmentation. Machine Learning, 34(1-3):177--210, 1999.

[BBZ90]
B. Baird, D. Blevins, and N. Zahler. The Artificially Intelligent Computer Performer: The Second Generation. In Interface -- Journal of New Music Research, number 19, pages 197--204, 1990.

[BBZ93]
B. Baird, D. Blevins, and N. Zahler. Artificial Intelligence and Music: Implementing an Interactive Computer Performer. Computer Music Journal, 17(2):73--79, 1993.

[Bry95]
Joanna Bryson. The Reactive Accompanist: Adaptation and Behavior Decomposition in a Music System. In Luc Steels, editor, The Biology and Technology of Intelligent Autonomous Agents. Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany, 1995.

[Dan84]
Roger B. Dannenberg. An On-Line Algorithm for Real-Time Accompaniment. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 193--198, 1984.

[DM88]
Roger B. Dannenberg and Mukaino. New Techniques for Enhanced Quality of Computer Accompaniment. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 243--249, 1988.

[DMR87]
Roger B. Dannenberg and B. Mont-Reynaud. Following an Improvisation in Real Time. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 241--248, 1987.

[GD94]
Lorin Grubb and Roger B. Dannenberg. Automating Ensemble Performance. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 63--69, 1994.

[GD97]
Lorin Grubb and Roger B. Dannenberg. A Stochastic Method of Tracking a Vocal Performer. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 301--308, 1997.

[GD98]
Lorin Grubb and Roger B. Dannenberg. Enhanced Vocal Performance Tracking Using Multiple Information Sources. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 37--44, 1998.

[LCB99a]
A. Loscos, P. Cano, and J. Bonada. Low-Delay Singing Voice Alignment to Text. In Proceedings of the ICMC, 1999.

[LCB99b]
A. Loscos, P. Cano, and J. Bonada. Score-Performance Matching using HMMs. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 441--444, 1999.

[LCB+99c]
A. Loscos, P. Cano, J. Bonada, M. de Boer, and X. Serra. Voice Morphing System for Impersonating in Karaoke Applications. In Proceedings of the ICMC, 1999.

[OD01]
Nicola Orio and F. Déchelle. Score Following Using Spectral Analysis and Hidden Markov Models. In Proceedings of the ICMC, Havana, Cuba, 2001.

[OS01]
Nicola Orio and Diemo Schwarz. Alignment of Monophonic and Polypophonic Music to a Score. In Proceedings of the ICMC, Havana, Cuba, 2001.

[PL92]
Miller Puckette and Cort Lippe. Score Following in Practice. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 182--185, 1992.

[Puc90]
Miller Puckette. EXPLODE: A User Interface for Sequencing and Score Following. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 259--261, 1990.

[Puc95]
Miller Puckette. Score Following Using the Sung Voice. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 199--200, 1995.

[Rab89]
L.R. Rabiner. A tutorial on hidden markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 77(2):257--285, 1989.

[Rap99a]
Christopher Raphael. A Probabilistic Expert System for Automatic Musical Accompaniment. Jour. of Comp. and Graph. Stats, 10(3):487--512, 1999.

[Rap99b]
Christopher Raphael. Automatic Segmentation of Acoustic Musical Signals Using Hidden Markov Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(4):360--370, 1999.

[Rap01a]
Christopher Raphael. A Bayesian Network for Real Time Music Accompaniment. Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), (14), 2001.

[Rap01b]
Christopher Raphael. Music Plus One: A System for Expressive and Flexible Musical Accompaniment. In Proceedings of the ICMC, Havana, Cuba, 2001.

[RJ93]
Lawrence R. Rabiner and Biing-Hwang Juang. Fundamentals of Speech Recognition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993.

[Row97]
Sam Roweis. Hidden markov models. Retrieved from #1, February 1997.

[SS01]
Schreck Ensemble and Pieter Suurmond. ComParser. Web page, 2001. http://www.hku.nl/~pieter/SOFT/CMP/.

[Ver84]
Barry Vercoe. The Synthetic Performer in the Context of Live Performance. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 199--200, 1984.

[VP85]
Barry Vercoe and Miller Puckette. Synthetic Rehearsal: Training the Synthetic Performer. In Proceedings of the ICMC, pages 275--278, 1985.